Mesenchymal stem cells and three-dimensional-osteoconductive scaffold regenerate calvarial bone in critical size defects in swine

Craniofacial bones shield important organs, carry out necessary physiological capabilities, and form facial identification. Crucial-size defects (CSDs) in calvarial bones, which won’t heal spontaneously, are brought on by trauma, congenital defects, or tumor resections. They pose an excellent